第一篇：建筑風(fēng)水論文

古建筑風(fēng)水與園林城市建設(shè)

陳克凡（班級(jí)：2010級(jí)建筑二班學(xué)號(hào)：***）

摘要：風(fēng)水強(qiáng)調(diào)平衡、和諧、寧靜，追求人與自然環(huán)境的和諧統(tǒng)一。這或許是中華文明得以延續(xù)的重要原因。根據(jù)風(fēng)水中的龍、沙、水、洞、方位等自然元素的條件。到了中世紀(jì)，山水城市的思想框架逐漸形成，依托山水，因地制宜，利用自然景觀，與城市人工環(huán)境有機(jī)結(jié)合。比如南京古城，就是憑借龍虎之威，超越山河。家家戶戶都前后臨水，從四個(gè)窗臺(tái)就能看到山。蘇州古城。從現(xiàn)代城市建設(shè)的角度來看，還需要考慮整個(gè)地區(qū)的自然地理?xiàng)l件和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

這些具有不同特征的環(huán)境因素結(jié)合起來，創(chuàng)造了有機(jī)的生態(tài)環(huán)境。這座充滿生態(tài)意象、充滿生機(jī)的城市或村莊，是古建筑風(fēng)格一直追求的風(fēng)水寶地。

關(guān)鍵詞：建筑、風(fēng)水、和諧統(tǒng)一、環(huán)境選擇、山水城市

一、中國古代建筑風(fēng)水的基本思想

中華文明源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，與自然和諧共處。這并非巧合。必須有規(guī)則可循。我們不難想到中國古代建筑風(fēng)水。風(fēng)水講究平衡、和諧、寧靜，追求人與自然環(huán)境的和諧統(tǒng)一。這或許是中華文明得以延續(xù)的重要原因。

1）風(fēng)水的形成是由河圖、洛書演變而來。追根溯源，與《周易》的卦象密不可分。在古代史前時(shí)期，中國黃河流域遭受洪水、氣候條件以及疾病或?yàn)?zāi)害等自然威脅。人類與自然的對(duì)抗太小、太脆弱。隨著時(shí)間的推移和長(zhǎng)年累月對(duì)宇宙自然環(huán)境的探索、認(rèn)識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累，我們的祖先開始用自己的智慧選擇自然地理環(huán)境和探索地點(diǎn)。研究它的學(xué)者都知道，《周易》在漫長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的發(fā)展演變中經(jīng)歷了連山、歸藏、周易的歷史。 《連山》以嶺卦作為六十四卦的第一卦和起點(diǎn)，體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)人類對(duì)天地的認(rèn)識(shí)是以山為世界主體的。洪水發(fā)生，地球下沉，人們選擇在那里居住。

他們住在山洞等地勢(shì)較高的地方，以避免洪水和狂風(fēng)大雨。 2）所謂風(fēng)水的核心是探索建筑物的位置、朝向、布局與自然之道與人類生活之間的和諧關(guān)系。它將天人合一等中國古代哲學(xué)命題引入到建筑中。它的重點(diǎn)不僅在于人類對(duì)環(huán)境的反應(yīng)，還在于如何根據(jù)這些反應(yīng)來解決建筑選址甚至施工問題。這里，地點(diǎn)的選擇、平面的布置、空間位置的選擇，都遵循一定的規(guī)律和順序，天的順序、地的順序、人體的順序。這樣，人們就能與居住地和整個(gè)自然環(huán)境合而為一，從而達(dá)到心理平衡。所謂天時(shí)、地利、人和才能賦予一座城市活力。這樣，人們就能與居住地和整個(gè)自然環(huán)境合而為一，從而達(dá)到心理平衡。所謂天時(shí)、地利、人和才能賦予一座城市活力。

2、風(fēng)水在古城建設(shè)中的應(yīng)用

許多考古資料證明，人們的生存環(huán)境更為重要，這是中國本土文化的重要組成部分。六七千年前，中國的祖先對(duì)于生存環(huán)境的選擇和認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了很高的水平。仰韶文化時(shí)期最明顯的環(huán)境選擇趨勢(shì)是聚落選擇。其主要表現(xiàn)在：靠近水源，不僅方便日常取水，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展也很有幫助；地理位置優(yōu)越，交通十分便利；它地處河流階地，不僅土壤非常肥沃，適合耕種，而且可以減少洪水的侵襲；如果是在山坡上，一般是在陽光充足的地方。上吉具有典型的風(fēng)水格局。這里依山傍水，半坡遺址就在兩河交匯處?，F(xiàn)代村莊或城鎮(zhèn)與這些村莊的重疊是有啟發(fā)性的。例如，沿河南河某段，15個(gè)現(xiàn)代村落中，發(fā)現(xiàn)了11個(gè)新石器時(shí)代村落遺址。

（1）風(fēng)水作為一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科，對(duì)于這種環(huán)境的選擇也有自己的解釋。風(fēng)水思想要點(diǎn)可概括如下： 1）尋龍——中的龍一定是真龍

當(dāng)?shù)孛}停止而上升時(shí)，龍就被稱為龍。山是大地脈絡(luò)的形狀，是生命力的源泉。龍基本上控制著環(huán)境格局，是城市賴以生存的母體。因此，歷來有龍為地之首的說法。

2) 檢查沙子—— 沙子應(yīng)該不錯(cuò)

周圍山丘的沙子就是帳篷的代名詞。對(duì)沙子的總體要求是沙丘層次協(xié)調(diào)、高地起伏、山丘優(yōu)美。 3）觀察水——擁抱水

在城市選址上，觀水比尋龍更重要。分水的思想是先看山，后看水。有山無水，就不要找地。

4）——穴位非常重要

穴位是一種生存環(huán)境模型，由山水交匯、凝結(jié)而成。要用好的穴位來積風(fēng)聚氣。因此，在風(fēng)水中，巢狀的洞穴稱為富洞，反拱形的洞穴稱為貧洞。 5）東方——祈求好運(yùn)

傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)水學(xué)認(rèn)為，坐北朝南是吉祥的。

（二）逐步從風(fēng)水中提煉出山水城市的建設(shè)思路

根據(jù)風(fēng)水中的龍、沙、水、洞、方位等自然元素的條件，到了中世紀(jì)，逐漸

山水市的思想框架已經(jīng)形成。它依山傍水，因地制宜，利用自然景觀，與城市人工環(huán)境有機(jī)融合。主要概括為以下幾點(diǎn)

1）依山傍水，坐北朝南，符合一人一生態(tài)模式。 2）土地肥沃，物產(chǎn)豐富，人類易于繁衍生息。 3）交通便利，四通八達(dá)，促進(jìn)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。

4）地勢(shì)險(xiǎn)要，易守難攻。 5）依山傍水，田園風(fēng)光滿足了居民的心理需求。

(3) 示例

Hakka people and has become an integral part of the Hakka culture. 　　 into parts. Because of its inheritance and persistence, this is the main reason why Feng Shui flourished in the Hakka area. 　　 The Hakka ancestors who migrated thousands of miles south from the Central Plains have a special liking for "Feng Shui Theory", and it has a deep historical root. "Feng Shui Theory" 　　 Among them, the ideological perfection of "advocating heaven and earth" is the first to be promoted. "Chongtian": There is a special incense altar in the residence, and during festivals, the first day and the fifteenth day of the new year, incense is burned and worshiped 　　 The Buddha is the most lewd: Helping incense to bring people's wishes to "destroy" and communicate with the ancestors of heaven, emptiness is the psychological factor of mass superstition. "Shangdi": "all over 　　 "Invest in the land uncle", bless the rice and grains, and have enough food and clothing to make dreams come true. In short, the first mourner of "Feng Shui Theory" is to help people choose reasonably 　　 Realize the good wishes of "pleasant Fengshui, harmonious symbiosis". 　　 People in the Hakka area in the old days believed in ghosts and gods and Feng Shui.Temples are generally built in urban and rural areas, and even temples in some places are bigger than schools. 　　 Many, there are princes, sand officials, Jingtou uncles, Shutou uncles, etc. everywhere in the village.There are more and more people who believe in Feng Shui, and every wedding and funeral 　　 For happy events, large and small buildings, Feng Shui master should be invited to survey the location and choose a good day and auspicious day, which has been prosperous since ancient times.People in the Hakka area often 　　 In order to find a good house site or tomb, he spared no effort to make long-term offerings to the geomaster and entertain him with delicious food and wine.This creates a suitable cultural atmosphere for the master to bluff and deceive. In such a cultural atmosphere, some Fengshui masters who do not understand the relationship between human survival and the ecological environment rely on reciting a few lines "earth land" 　　 "The Secret Formula" deceives people who sincerely hope to find a suitable place for self-cultivation and living, and seriously affects people's lives and spiritual world. 　　 With the overall formation of the Hakka ethnic group in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, Fengshui was very popular in the Hakka area during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 　　 The Hakka ancestors stayed away from the war in the Central Plains and came to a remote place with inconvenient transportation, sparsely populated areas, dense forests, rampant wild elephants, and crocodiles. 　　 Living in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi where ravages are raging, miasma infects people, and insects and snakes are infested.To survive and develop in such a harsh environment, in addition to enduring hardship, 　　 In addition to labor and the spirit of pioneering, one must also have some methods of adapting to the environment, among which settling down is a primary issue.But Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi 　　 The mountainous terrain is complex, full of streams and rivers, and often invaded by snakes and beasts. Choosing a good place to build a house and settle down is obviously much more complicated than in the plains of the Central Plains. 　　 Because the purpose of the Yangzhai theory in Feng Shui is to pursue the coordination and unity between the location and layout of the house building and the surrounding nature, so as to 　　 It ensures people's physical health and psychological peace. As the saying goes, "people stand because of their homes, and their homes survive because of their people. People and homes support each other and connect with the world." Feng shui at that time 　　 Many of the teachers are people with high cultural quality. They have culture and have mastered certain scientific knowledge, understand astronomy and geography, use compass, and are good at observing landforms and water quality.Therefore, Feng Shui played an important role in the settlement life of the Hakka ancestors and their subsequent struggle to develop mountainous areas. 　　 Positive guidance. Under the subconscious mind of seeking peace and blessing for future generations, the northern Feng Shui culture took root, sprouted and bore fruit in the Hakka New Area. This is also the inevitable result of the spread of Central Plains culture as the main body to the south. 　　 In Tongpa Village, Songkou, Rumei County, there is a well-known dragon-enclosed house called Shidetang. It is backed by Longshan Mountain and faces the Songyuan River. It is considered by the locals as the 　　 A rare feng shui land. "Shidetang" was built in the late Ming Dynasty and is a famous dragon house in Meizhou.Legend has it that Li Zhijian built this house 　　 At that time, a famous Feng Shui master from Jiangxi was specially invited to investigate. The Feng Shui of this house was called "Huilong Guzi". Over a period of more than three hundred years, Li Zhijian's descendants were numerous and talented. When we inspected "Shidetang", we found that the house is close to mountains and rivers, with convenient transportation, and the site selection and layout are in line with the requirements of the Yangzhai theory in Feng Shui.This house has a palace-like structure, with lighting, ventilation, landscaping and a modern environment. 　　 The theory of environmental aesthetics is consistent. This house also has rich historical and cultural resources. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there was a peasant uprising, Qing troops entered the Pass, and Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's rebel army. Li Zhijian's uncle, Li Erhe, fled from the capital to Songkou with the 16-year-old crown prince Zhu Ciliang, and lived in Shidetang. Li Zhijian's descendants live in the Songkou Basin, which is close to rivers and mountains and has developed water and land transportation.The Li family not only has a thousand acres of fertile land for "public tasting" 　　 "Fields" were used for rotational farming by descendants, and they also engaged in salt, porcelain, and timber businesses. In the old days, Songmen had developed water transportation and merchants gathered there, and there was a saying that "Songkou does not recognize the state" 　　說。 Songkou Port is the second largest inland river port in Guangdong Province.The Li family's merchant ships transported porcelain, bricks, wood, and local specialties from mountainous areas along the water. 　　 When it reaches the Chaoxian area, it carries salt and obscure products when going against the current.Because the descendants of the Li family have a secure life and pay attention to education, they 　　 Li Zhijian's descendants had many literati and many officials, and they became a prominent family in Songkou area. 　　 It can be explained from this example.Because the Li family has a good living environment, good location, and attaches great importance to education, the Li family 　　 The reason why the clan can last forever.In short, the original intention of "Feng Shui Theory" is to help people choose a house site rationally and achieve "pleasant Feng Shui and harmonious" 　　 The good wishes of "tuning and symbiosis". 　　 reference book: 　　 "Hakka Surrounding House" South China University of Technology Press 　　 "Hakka Tulou Dwellings" Fujian Education Press 　　 "Hakka" Guangdong People's Publishing House 　　 "Hakka" Chengdu Map Publishing House 　　 "Modern Architecture and Ancient Feng Shui" Donghua University Press 　　 "Chinese Hakka Architectural Culture" Hubei Education Press Wu Qingzhou